Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (SCNC) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that impacts many individuals worldwide, including thousands of Australians. SCNC originates from neuroendocrine cells, specialised cells found in various parts of the body responsible for hormone production. These tumours are known for their rapid growth and metastatic potential, making them a challenge for the medical community.
In Australia, SCNC affects a small but notable portion of cancer patients. While it is considered a rare malignancy, the impact of this aggressive cancer on Australians and their families can be significant. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and access to advanced treatment options are crucial in addressing the challenges associated with SCNC in Australia, and ongoing research and medical advancements offer hope for improved outcomes and support for those affected by this rare disease.
NeuroEndocrine Cancer Australia is dedicated to the advocacy of patients affected by Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, as well as other kinds of neuroendocrine cancer. If you have specific questions related to your condition, you can give our specialised NET cancer nurse a call.
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (SCNC) is a rare and highly aggressive form of cancer that falls under the broader category of Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs). This malignancy originates from neuroendocrine cells, which are specialised cells distributed throughout the body.
These cells have the unique ability to produce hormones, and NETs can develop in various organs and systems. Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma is known for its swift progression and metastatic potential, making it a significant concern in the field of oncology.
To fully understand Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, we should consider its place within the broader context of Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs). NETs are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are distributed in different parts of the body. These neuroendocrine cells play a vital role in regulating hormonal balance and have unique characteristics that set NETs apart from other types of cancer.
While NETs, in general, are known for their relatively slow growth, Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma stands out as an aggressive subtype, primarily due to its rapid proliferation and high propensity for metastasis.
Understanding the causes and risk factors associated with Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma is critical for early detection, prevention, and tailored treatment strategies. While the precise origins of SCNC are not fully understood at present, several contributing factors have been identified.
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma can originate in several locations within the body. While lung SCNC is the most commonly observed form, it can also manifest in the gastrointestinal tract and, notably, in gynaecological organs.
The exact mechanisms that trigger SCNC development are not entirely understood, but it is believed to result from genetic mutations in neuroendocrine cells. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled growth and tumour formation.
Genetic predisposition can significantly impact an individual’s susceptibility to Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, and these genetic factors highlight the importance of genetic counselling and early detection for at-risk individuals.
Lifestyle choices also play a significant role in influencing the likelihood of SCNC. For example, smoking is a well-established risk factor for lung SCNC. The harmful carcinogens present in tobacco smoke can damage lung tissue, particularly neuroendocrine cells, contributing to tumour development. Reducing or quitting smoking is a crucial preventive measure in lowering the risk of SCNC.
Recognising the symptoms of Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma is pivotal for early diagnosis and prompt intervention. The symptoms associated with SCNC can vary depending on the tumour’s location, size, and stage of development.
In the context of lung Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, patients may experience symptoms such as:
For Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma located in the gastrointestinal tract, common symptoms may include:
In the case of gynaecological Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, patients may experience specific symptoms, including:
It must be noted that symptoms can differ from person to person, and not all individuals with Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma will exhibit the same signs. Early detection and prompt diagnosis are critical for effective management and treatment of this aggressive form of cancer.
Diagnosing Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (SCNC) is a complex process that requires a combination of medical expertise and diagnostic tests to identify the presence of the disease and determine its stage.
To accurately diagnose Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, healthcare professionals employ various diagnostic tests and tools, each serving a unique purpose in the diagnostic process.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography): CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body, allowing doctors to visualise the presence, location, and size of tumours. They are particularly useful in detecting lung and abdominal SCNC.
Chest X-Ray (CXR): is an imaging test that uses X-rays to look at the structures and organs in your chest.
A tissue biopsy is often necessary to confirm the presence of Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma definitively. During a biopsy, a small sample of tissue is collected and examined under a microscope. The biopsy helps determine the type of cancer, its grade, and its specific characteristics, which are essential for tailoring treatment plans.
Certain blood markers can be elevated in SCNC, such as chromogranin A (CgA). These markers can be indicative of the disease’s presence, but they are not specific to SCNC and are often used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods.
Bronchoscopy is a procedure used to examine the airways and lung tissue. It can help detect SCNC in the lungs and obtain tissue samples for biopsy.
In cases of gastrointestinal SCNC, endoscopy may be performed. This procedure allows for direct visualisation of the gastrointestinal tract and the collection of tissue samples for biopsy.
PET/CT scans involve the injection of a radioactive substance that is absorbed more by cancer cells. It can help identify the extent and location of cancer, including any metastases.
Pathologists analyse tissue samples from biopsies to assess the extent of malignancy, cell type, and proliferation rate. This information aids in determining the stage of the disease.
Treatment for Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma depends on the cancer’s stage, location, and the overall health of the patient. The goal of treatment is to control the disease, alleviate symptoms, and improve the patient’s quality of life.
Surgical resection is a primary treatment for localised SCNC. The extent of surgery depends on the tumour’s size and location. In lung SCNC, for instance, a lobectomy or pneumonectomy may be necessary, while in gastrointestinal SCNC, partial or total removal of the affected organ may be performed. Surgery aims to remove as much of the tumour as possible while preserving organ function.
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma often responds well to chemotherapy, which involves the use of powerful medications to target and destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used as an adjuvant treatment following surgery or as the primary treatment in cases where the disease has spread extensively. Additionally, targeted therapies that focus on specific molecules involved in tumour growth, such as immunotherapy, may be considered in some cases. Immunotherapy is currently only available in clinical trials in Australia.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other particles to target and kill cancer cells. It can be used alongside surgery and chemotherapy to enhance treatment effectiveness. For patients with inoperable tumours or those who cannot undergo surgery, radiation therapy can provide a valuable treatment option.
The long-term effects of treatment for SCNC can also vary. Some patients may experience treatment-related side effects, such as fatigue, nausea, and immunosuppression (decreased blood counts in particular white blood cells as a result of chemotherapy). Regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers are essential to monitor the patient’s progress and manage any potential complications.
Exact treatment for SCNC patients will vary greatly from person to person. It’s best to talk to your healthcare team if you have any specific questions about your treatment plan.
Life expectancy for individuals with Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma can vary widely depending on several factors, including the stage at which the cancer is diagnosed, the location of the tumour, the effectiveness of treatment, and the overall health of the patient.
The aggressive nature of Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma means that it often presents at an advanced stage. In such cases, while treatment can effectively control the disease, the likelihood of a complete cure may be lower. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with SCNC must work closely with their healthcare team to determine the most suitable treatment approach.
While survival rates can vary, advancements in cancer research and the development of more targeted therapies offer hope for improved outcomes in the future. Additionally, clinical trials are continuously exploring innovative treatments and diagnostic methods to enhance the prognosis for SCLC patients.
Receiving a diagnosis of Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma can be emotionally and physically challenging. Patients and their loved ones may find it helpful to seek support and information from various resources:
Educational materials: NECA produces numerous brochures and educational materials, all available via our website to provide information about SCNC, its treatment, and supportive care. These resources can help individuals make informed decisions about their care.
Cancer support groups: Many cancer support groups, both in-person and online, provide a platform for individuals to connect with others who have experienced similar challenges. Sharing experiences and advice can be comforting and informative.
Mental health services: A cancer diagnosis can take a toll on one’s mental well-being. Professional counselling and support services can assist patients and their families in coping with the emotional aspects of the disease.
NeuroEndocrine Cancer Australia (NECA) is an advocacy organisation dedicated to supporting patients with NETs, including SCNC. We have a dedicated NET cancer nurse helpline available to talk to NET patients, their families, and provide information.
The future outlook for Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma is promising, thanks to ongoing research and innovative treatments. Scientists and clinicians are working tirelessly to enhance our understanding of the disease and develop more effective therapeutic approaches.
Here are some of the most exciting:
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, a subset of Neuroendocrine Tumours, is a rare and aggressive cancer that can affect various parts of the body, with lung, gastrointestinal, and gynaecological locations being notable. The diagnosis and treatment of Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma involve a multi-faceted approach, with various diagnostic tests and treatment options available. Life expectancy for individuals with SCNC can vary, but ongoing research and evolving treatments provide hope for improved outcomes.
